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Table of Contents
CASE REPORT
Year : 2018  |  Volume : 1  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 101-105

Tomographic and clinical findings, pre-, trans-, and post-operative, of osseodensification in immediate loading


1 Graduate Program in Dentistry at Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
2 Department Oral Implantology at São José College, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
3 Graduate Program in Dentistry at Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
4 Private Clinical Practice, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Date of Web Publication8-Nov-2018

Correspondence Address:
Prof. Rafael Coutinho Mello Machado
Av. Jornalista Ricardo Marinho, 360, Sala 245, Rio de Janeiro
Brasil
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/GFSC.GFSC_22_18

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  Abstract 


The advance of surgical techniques and modifications with respect to the surface and macrogeometry of dental implants, such as immediate and early loading, can help reduce the time of rehabilitation for the patient when excellent primary stability is the primary prerequisite. Starting from this principle, studies using a novel technique to replace bone-subtractive drilling have been developed to optimize the implant site. This new technique, called osseodensification, was developed by Dr. Salah Huwais and patented in 2012. The name of the procedure suggests the induction of a compression wave at the tip of specially designed drills at the point of contact. This case report suggests that the clinical and radiographic results obtained could support the hypothesis that a true gain in primary stability as well as a compaction grafting can be achieved by the use of this technique.

Keywords: Bone mineral density, immediate implant treatment, osseodensification, primary stability


How to cite this article:
Mello Machado RC, da Gama CS, Batista SH, Rizzo D, Valiense H, Moreira RF. Tomographic and clinical findings, pre-, trans-, and post-operative, of osseodensification in immediate loading. Int J Growth Factors Stem Cells Dent 2018;1:101-5

How to cite this URL:
Mello Machado RC, da Gama CS, Batista SH, Rizzo D, Valiense H, Moreira RF. Tomographic and clinical findings, pre-, trans-, and post-operative, of osseodensification in immediate loading. Int J Growth Factors Stem Cells Dent [serial online] 2018 [cited 2024 Mar 28];1:101-5. Available from: https://www.cellsindentistry.org/text.asp?2018/1/3/101/242307




  Introduction Top


The advance of surgical techniques and modifications with respect to the surface and macrogeometry of dental implants, such as immediate and early loading, can help to reduce the time of rehabilitation for the patient for whom excellent primary stability is the primary prerequisite.[1],[2],[3] The predictability of osseointegration has been increasing due to the improvement of systems to obtain better results, not only for the well-being of the patient but also to decrease the chances of surgical failure.[4],[5],[6]

In cases where the quality of the bone is Type 3 or 4,[7] the need to increase the amount of bone tissue that will be in contact with the surface of the implant becomes essential to achieve excellent primary stability and to enable immediate loading.[8],[9] One possibility for optimizing this process is the modification of the surgical protocol by using the technique of undersized drilling,[1] which has been suggested in the early literature as particularly useful for the immediate loading when inserting the dental implants in low bone quality sites. However, recent studies have demonstrated that under-preparation of up to 35% of the receptor bed does not have additional effects on initial stability.[10]

Recently, studies using a new technique to replace bone subtractive drilling have been developed that will optimize the implant site. This technique is called osseodensification. It was introduced by Dr. Salah Huwais as a patented novel method in 2012.[11] It proposes the induction of a compression wave by a specially designed bur at the point of contact (bone-drill), producing a controlled bone deformation through the inherent nature of bone tissue viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity.[11],[12],[13],[14],[15]

This technique characteristically increases (up to three-fold) the primary stability of the implant and the percentage of bone-implant contact (BIC) as compared with the traditional subtractive drilling technique.[16],[17] The main advantages of this approach are the preservation of bone volume, acceleration of the healing process due to the conservation of the bone matrix and the cells, promotion of bone tissue movement, and continuous replacement of the autogenous bone graft matrix along the surface of the dental implant.[11],[14],[15]

Hence, the aim of this case report is to present a clinical case of dental implant immediate loading using the technique of osseodensification to optimize the surgical site.


  Case Report Top


A 44-year-old male with melanoderma was clinically diagnosed with a #26 root fracture with hopeless prognosis after cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) (iCAT ®, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) [Figure 1]a. The plan for the patient was dental extraction immediately followed by implant installation. This clinical case was conducted according the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, revised in 2000. The procedure was carried out in a private clinic, where the patient signed a free and informed consent form, authorizing the rights of disclosure of the images and the case to the author of this article. We used the Case Report Guidelines (CARE, www.care-statement.org) in this present study.[18]
Figure 1: (a) Computed tomography, aspect showing the resorption of the vestibular root. (b) Occlusal view of the dental element

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Surgical procedure

Before dental extraction, [Figure 1]b asepsis of the oral cavity (with gluconate chlorhexidine 0.12%) and extraoral skin asepsis (with gluconate chlorhexidine 0.2%) were performed. After that, local anesthesia was administered with 4% articaine and 1:100.000 epinephrine. After tooth removal, initial bone instrumentation for the osseodensification was done using a pilot drill (1.7 mm), but only to establish the correct trajectory for the final restorative abutment and for the other drills to follow. The osseodensification process was started using a Densah® Bur Kit system (Versah ®, Jackson, Michigan, USA). Drilling steps were performed according to manufacturer's recommended protocol. The osseodensification drills all operated with the standardized 1200 RPM counterclockwise engine rotation with abundant saline solution irrigation.[19] The sequence of drills used was: VT1828 (2.3 mm) (Versah ®, Jackson, Michigan, USA), followed by two more osseodensification drills, VT2535 (3.0 mm) and VT2838 (3.3 mm), in an attempt to install a 4.3 mm × 13 mm dental implant (INTRAOSS ®, São Paulo, Brazil) [Figure 2]a, [Figure 2]b, [Figure 2]c, [Figure 2]d.
Figure 2: (a) Alveolar septum appearance after use of carbide burr to eliminate granulation tissues. (b) Use of the drill 1.7 mm. (c) Use of Versah 3.0 drill. (d) Installation of the implant in the surgical site

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After the drilling, the patient underwent computed tomography in an attempt to gain visualization of some bone compaction in the new dental socket. In the next step, the implant was inserted in the surgical site with a torque of 45 Ncm [Figure 3]a and the mean of the resonance index ±73 implant stability quotient (ISQ) [Figure 3]b (Osstell ®/W&H ®, Gothenburg, Sweden) was measured. After implant placement, Xenogene Biomaterial (Lumina-Bone Porous ®, Critéria Biomateriais, São Paulo, Brazil) was inserted with blood-derived growth factors in the socket gap, between the implant surface and the remaining buccal bone.
Figure 3: (a) The dental implant insertion with 45 Ncm. (b) Analysis with Osstell marking resonance index 73 implant stability quotient

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Preparation of platelet-rich fibrin membrane

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane was used to close the open wound in the oral cavity, preventing exposure of the bone graft. This technique was described by Mourão and Mourão. The PRF protocol has been described by several authors.[20],[21],[22],[23],[24] The blood sample was collected (Labor Import ®, São Paulo, Brazil) and inserted into a centrifuge with a 400 g-force vertical rotor (Kasvi, Paraná, Brazil) [Figure 4]a and [Figure 4]b.
Figure 4: (a) Appearance after confection of the concentrate of growth factors from the blood sample. Serum, Clot/Platelet-rich fibrin, Buffy Coat zone, Red Blood Cells. (b) Modification of the original image using Fireworks software (Adobe - California, United States) evidencing the phases of the division in the blood-derived growth factors

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After centrifugation, the PRF was collected and stored in a box (Nitinox Solutions S.L. [ref 212.029], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and the process of removing the exudate from the membrane. After finishing the production of the PRF, it was installed in the lower part of a 4.5 × 6 × 3.5 abutment (INTRAOSS ®, São Paulo, Brazil) with a posterior collagen membrane (Critéria ®, São Paulo, Brazil) [Figure 5]a. With this, the PRF was exposed to the oral cavity in contact with the provisional crown [Figure 5]b and [Figure 6].
Figure 5: (a) Image showing protective barrier using platelet-rich fibrin and collagen membrane in the abutment. (b) Clinical aspect of the abutment installed with the protective barrier positioned

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Figure 6: The clinical aspect of the case with the provisional crown

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Tomographic evaluation

The radiographic evaluation was performed through CBCT examinations at three surgical stages (preoperative, transoperative, and immediately after implant installation). The region of the procedure (left jaw) contained cancellous bone. After qualitative analysis of the axial view [Figure 7]a, [Figure 7]b, [Figure 7]c, a suggestive densification was evident [Figure 7]b around the new surgical site, created by osseodensification. In the coronal view as well [Figure 8]a, [Figure 8]b, [Figure 8]c, a suggestive image of corticalization was present around the surgical site, different from what can typically be observed in a natural dental socket after exodontia [Figure 8]b.
Figure 7: (a) Axial view of the region of the surgical procedure (preoperative). (b) Axial view of the region of the surgical procedure (trans-operative) evidencing the corticalization of the surgical alveolus by the osseodensification technique. (c) Axial view of the surgical procedure (postimplant installation)

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Figure 8: (a) Coronal view of the surgical procedure region (preoperative). (b) Coronal view of the region of the surgical procedure (trans-operative) showing corticalization of the surgical alveolus by the osseodensification technique. (c) Coronal view of the surgical procedure region (postimplant installation)

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  Discussion and Conclusion Top


Immediate loading is a viable treatment option. The main advantage of this approach is the reduction of treatment time and esthetic-functional rehabilitation.[25],[26] The search for immediate loading is considered multifactorial where the primary prerequisite is good primary stability.[3],[27],[28],[29] One of the alternatives presented by the scientific community was the development of osseodensification, which qualifies as a possible technique in the search for stability. There is a publication where osseodensification is misrepresented. This specific study claimed that there is no real gain of implant stability with osseodensification at the time of implant installation compared with standardized milling.[30] In this murine animal model study, osseodensification was not used, so describing this article as a finding that osseodensification does not increase implant stability is not valid. The author needs to point out the fact that this article is not related to osseodensification because it was not used in his study process.

In the present work, it was possible to clinically observe a gain in primary stability. Despite the fact that the literature reports evidence for the presence of densification in computed microtomography.[11] in this case, CBCT images demonstrated clearly the densification of the bony walls after instrumentation using osseodensification burs.

In the present case, the osseodensification served to increase primary stability and enhance BIC. The dental socket in the region where the implant was installed (posterior of the maxilla) initially presented low bone density, but, with the aid of the densifying burs, the implant was adequately placed and with a sufficient stability, reflected in the ISQ (≥70), which is an indicator for an immediate provisional protocol.[28],[29]

Exposure of the implant to the oral cavity is always a possibility in clinical practice after implant placement. Hence, techniques to avoid exposure of the graft to the oral cavity have been used, for example, the use of connective tissue grafts and keratinized tissue grafts. These techniques have low infection rates, and there is no rejection; however, they require a highly skilled dental surgeon and may increase surgical morbidity due to the need for a donor site.

However, a good option – which was used in this case – was the use of a blood-derived growth-factor membrane, in an attempt to reduce postoperative surgical morbidity for the patient. This modality has become a viable option when a better adaptation occurs around the dental socket, and this facilitates the installation of this material, as well as potential wound healing related to soft tissues. It is an easily obtained and low-cost membrane, compared with other materials such as the collagen membrane. In addition, as has already been shown, the PRF membrane slowly releases significant amounts of growth factors (transforming growth factor β1, platelet-derived growth factor-AB, vascular endothelial growth factor) and thrombospondin-1 for at least several days.[19],[20],[22],[23],[31]

The present case report aims to stimulate further randomized and controlled clinical studies on the use of the osseodensification technique. The evaluation of density before the dental implant placement is recommended, due to the potential for production of artifacts in tomographic images. We have also obtained a better scientific understanding of the gain in stability with the technique, as already described in other (in vitro and in vivo) studies.

In this case, the clinical and radiographic results obtained, following the initial planning, direct the dental surgeon to accept the hypothesis of the real gain in primary stability achieved with the use of the osseodensification technique. It is a new bone instrumentation technique that relies on bone tissue preservation and compaction-autografting, and as any new treatment modality, it may require a learning curve to achieve reproducible success.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nill.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
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    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]


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